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Sunday, October 16, 2011

speech - The Proper Way To Discipline Your Children

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am Ali from the Agape Childcare Center and I am here to speak on the topic: “The Proper Way To Discipline Your Children”. Ladies and gentlemen, as a parent just what is the best way to train our children to listen, obey and be respectful of themselves and others? Considering all of the things that I have read and observed on the subject, and my years of experience working closely with many different families in childcare, what emerges as most important is that discipline.
Now, before exploring the “how” of discipline, it is important to have a good understanding of just “what” discipline is and “why” it is a vital part of a child’s development. To discipline a child is to train him or her in a way that corrects and molds the moral character. Discipline is what teaches children what is right and wrong, which behaviours are acceptable and which behaviours are not. Your child is learning all the time how to be an individual and how different behaviours affects those around him or her. Opportunities present themselves all of the time for you to teach them about how the world works and how to treat others. Bad behaviour is no exception. 
So, just what constitutes a bad behaviour? You are the ones who have the job of shaping their child’s integrity, and it is you who must determine what behaviours you will and will not accept from your children. We have to remember, “good” and “bad” behaviours will sometimes be different things in different families. Each family has to decide what things are in line with their beliefs and set the boundaries that will allow their own family system to operate well and happily.

How should we discipline our children? Firstly, remove the child from the problem situation. This can be as easy as making the child stand up or pulling the child aside. Sometimes, in more volatile circumstances, it may be more appropriate to remove the child from the room completely.

It is important to identify the unacceptable behaviour. This means clearly stating what the child did wrong AND expressing your disapproval of his or her behaviour. For example, say something like “I do not like it when you hit your sister.”

Next step, give the discipline. This could be a time-out, a spanking or having a talk with that child, explaining why that behaviour is not right. For younger children, you may try focusing their attention on a new activity, distracting them from the negative situation.

After the discipline is over you have to let go the issue completely. Your children have to know that when they mess up, they can try again, and that mom or dad will be just as loving every time. Your tone should return to a pleasant one, your body language should convey nothing but love and acceptance, and your treatment of that child should be as if he or she has done nothing wrong. After children have served their time, allow them to come back into a situation that is fun, loving, and supportive.

As I stated earlier, opportunities are always presenting themselves for us to teach our children, and it is important to mention that good behaviour is not an exception either. Let us not forget that discipline can be positive as well. Discipline is about training, and that training does not only come through doling out punishments and correcting wrong behaviour. Remember to praise and reward the good behaviour of your children! Something as simple as an acknowledgement, a hug or kiss, or even a special treat will keep the good behaviour coming.

Be immediate and consistent with your problem behaviour interventions, have clear boundaries set up to define what is and is not acceptable for your family. A child’s moral character gradually progresses through different developmental stages, much like their physical appearance and intellectual capabilities do.

I would like to end my speech by stressing that proper discipline will provide your children with the fertile ground to mature into considerate and respectful individuals, and will help guide their way through the many rights and wrongs in life. With that, I thank you for your attention.Click ads for your tq or like.

Friday, October 14, 2011

IKATAN SISI BATA DAN FLEMISH


Pengenalan
·         Ikatan ini menggabungkan ikatan jenis sisi bata dan Flemish
·         Ikatan sisi bata mengandungi semuanya semuanya sisi bata kecuali bata kerat setengah/tiga suku pada hujung terhenti atau buntu
·         Tembok yang diikat dengan sisi bata tidak berkemampuan untuk menyokong berat beban yang lebih
·         Kebiasaannya ikatan sisi bata digunakan bagi tembok sekat, tembok tandas, tembok dalam struktur berkerangka
·         Ikatan Flemish mempunyai sambungan tegak berterusan dan kurang kuat
·                                 Terdapat 2 jenis ikatan Flemish iaitu ikatan Flemish kembar dan tunggal.

Objektif
  • Membancuh mortar mengikut nisbah yang betul
  • Merancang tanda
  • Membina tembok ikatan sisi bata dan ikatan Flemish
  • Menguji kepersegian tembok, kepugakan tembok, tolok, aras dan jajaran
  • Mewujudkan kerjasama diantara mentor dan mentee dalam sesebuah kumpulan
  • Menerapkan nilai kemahiran generic dikalangan pelajar.

Peralatan Dan Kelengkapan
  • Sudip
  • Sesiku
  • Alat aras spirit
  • Tolok lurus dan span
  • Bongkah benang dan pin
  • Baldi dan skop
  • Kemas ikat
Bahan-bahan
  • Bata penuh – 40 biji
  • Bata penutup setengah – 2 biji
  • Bata kerat tiga suku – 2 biji
  • Mortar kapur (1:2)

Langkah kerja
1.      Merancang tanda kerja tapak berdasarkan gambarajah projek yang disediakan
2.      Terapkan bata bagi lapisan pertama dengan menggunakan benang. Uji kepersegian, pugak, aras, dan kelurusan diuji dengan menggunakan alat aras spirit, tolok dan sesiku pemidang.
3.      Bina hujung bertangga bagi lapisan kedua hingga lapisan keempat dan hujung terhenti bagi hujung yang satu lagi.
4.      Uji kepugakan, tolok, laras dan keratan muka tembok.
5.      Untuk lapisan kedua dan lapisan genap adalah seperti dalam rajah yang diberikan.
6.      Pasangkan bongkah dan benang dipasang pada kedua-dua belah hujung tembok dan terapkan bata mengikut lapisan dan benang.
7.      Uji pugak, laras, jajaran dan keratan permukaan tembok.
8.      Kemaskan sambungan-sambungan dan tempat kerja.

Kesimpulan
Selepas menjalani amali kerja bata ini, pelajar-pelajar telah dapat :
·         Memperkenalkan prinsip-prinsip mengikat bata.
·         Menunjukkan jenis ikatan yang digunakan.
·         Menunjukkan kerja kemas ikat dalam kerja bata.
·         Memperkenalkan peralatan kerja bata.



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Tuesday, October 11, 2011

label jem nanas



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Friday, October 7, 2011

beraya di rumah ijad part 6

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Thursday, October 6, 2011

beraya di rumag ijad part 5

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d3100

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Sunday, October 2, 2011

JENIS DAN CARA PENILAIAN


PROSES PENILAIAN
-          Penentuan objektif (tinggi-menganalisis & rendah-3m) dan criteria(obj.tggi-mrkh lulus 75%)
-          Pengumpulan maklumat yang relevan(kaedah biasa-ujian)
-          Pemprosesan maklumat(skor mentah-%, mod, min, median)
-          Pembentukan kesimpulan keputusan
PENGGUNAAN UJIAN RUJUKAN NORMA DAN KRITERIA
-          Ujian rujukan norma(potensi):
- Mentafsir kekuatan dan kelemahan kurikulum(PSR,PMR,SPM-ciri-ciri membanding, masa tetap, cepat & serentak dilaksanakan)
- Membandingkan pencapaian dengan kecerdasan@potensi pelajar
- Membandingkan pelajar-pelajar
- Menentukan kemajuan pelajar
- Sumber data penyelidikan
-          Ujian rujukan kriteria(prestasi):
- Mendiagnosis pembelajaran(ukur prestasi pelajar-kesan spesifik pelajar)
- Mengesan kelemahan dan meningkatkan pengajaran
PENILAIAN PSIKOMOTOR
-          Pergerakan fizikal-menilai tahap perkembangan
-          Ujian: Ujian perlakuan @ ujian prestasi
-          Ukuran psikomotor: Ukuran tepatan(kriteria dinilai-ketepatan),
                                    Ukuran masa(kriteria pengukur-tempoh masa)
PENILAIAN SUMATIF(tertentu)
-          Penilaian peringkat akhir:
- akhir tahun persekolahan(PTS, UPSR, PMR, SPM.STPM)
- akhir bulan(ujian bulanan)
- akhir semester/penggal(exam)
- akhir kelas(penilaian pengajaran guru)
PENILAIAN FORMATIF(berterusan)
-          Exam tahunan(Tkt 1,2,4,6- pep.formatif ke arah PMR, SPM, STPM pep.sumatif)
-          Mengesan pengetahuan & kefahaman pelajar dlm satu2 bab
-          Membimbing pelajar
-          Maklumat kemajuan(tindakan perlu diambil)
-          Menjamin pencapaian berkesan
PENILAIAN KBSR(1982) & KBSM(1988)
-          KBSR:
- Penguasaan 3M
- Btk penilaian- akhir tahun pra sekolahan rendah(UPSR)
- PBKS:Tujuan(tgktkan mutu penilaian,motif pem.murid &pelbagaikan suasana/jenis ujian)
            Skop(pcapaian-pengetahuan,pkbgn-minat/sikap/nilai & kebolehan-amali/psikomotor)
            Obj(ujian pncpian, ujian prstasi-lisan/bacaan/pkbgn pljr) & ujian situasi-sikap/nilai)
-          KBSM:
- tekankan pkbgn individu
- bantu kmbg potensi(JERI)
- lahirkan pelajar yg boleh sesuaikan diri dlm msykt

BAB 7 PRINSIP PEMBINAAN UJIAN

KEESAHAN UJIAN
-          Boleh ukur apa yang hdk diukur
-          Berdasarkan obj t/laku(menyenaraikan/menamakan/mentaksir/menerangkan/menceritakan)
-          Kesesuaian aras(s.rendah-s.menengah)
-          Kesesuaian kandungan(ujian kelas-ujian pcubaan PMR)
KEBOLEHPERCAYAAN UJIAN
-          Boleh ukur dgn tepat apa yang hdk diukur
-          Skor sama(dijlnkan berulangkali-situasi yg sama/j.masa yg pdk)
-          Kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi:
o    X boleh utk semua pelajar/semua situasi
o    Boleh kepada populasi sama (umur/mental/pededahan)
-          Jaminan kebolehpercayaan:
- kurang selisihan antara 2 skor
-     Memperbaiki k/pcyaan:
- > bnyk soalan/soalan/arahan(jelas/difahami)/situasi(sama/selesa)/skim 
  permakahan(jelas/teliti)

KEOBJEKTIFAN UJIAN
-          > konsisten&tepat
-          Menjamin keobjektifan:  Disemak(pemeriksa/rakan2)/skim pemarkahan dibincang & disetujui
KEKOMPREHENSIFAN UJIAN
-          Merangkumi semua topik
-          Berdsrkan aspek berbeza(PKAASP)
-          Kesan x komprensif(soalan memperdaya):
§  pelajar suka analisis x bpluang beri pdpt
§  pelajar x tahu dpt mrkh rendah sbb tpedaya
- Menjamin kekomprehensifan- semak&bincang
KEMUDAHTADBIRAN UJIAN
-          Mudah diurus
-          Ciri2: arahn(pdk/jelas/difhmi), masa(sngkt), x perlu terlatih, pskorn(mdh/cepat), jimat(kos/masa/tnga)

BAB 8  PERANCANGAN & PENTADBIRAN UJIAN

MENENTUKAN TUJUAN(pendekatan ruj.norma/kriteria)
-          Penempatan pelajar
-          Memerhati kemajuan pelajar
-          Mendiagnosis kesukaran pembljran
-          Menentukan pencapaian akhir unit
MENENTUKAN JPU
-          Boleh memberikan:
- arah
- imbangan soalan
- gmbran obj.pngjran dgn tpt
MEMILIH JENIS SOALAN
-          2 jenis:
- objektif(aneka pilihan/padanan/melengkapkan) lebih banyak
- subjektif(esei-jwpn pjg/pdk)pemarkahan > subjek

Kebaikan ujian objektif
Kebaikan ujian subjektif
> ukur pengetahuan
> ukur aplikasi/analisis/sintesis&kebolehan pnlisan
Beri peluang teka jwpn
Perlu akt.intelektual
Mngglkn pem.mdlm/terperinci
Mudah dibina
Pemarkahan mudah(kebolehpercayaan tinggi)
Mdrong keaslian/inovasi(pdktn pnylsaian mslh)

Kelemahan ujian objektif
Kelemahan ujian subjektif
Perlu masa pjg btk soalan baik
Masalah pemarkahan(kebolehpercayaan rendah)
Sukar dibina
Perlu masa pjg beri markah

KAEDAH MEMBENTUK & MENYEDIAKAN UJIAN
-          Draf awal
-          Draf disorot oleh rakan2, guru bpnglmn
-          Guna bank soalan-ubahsuai
-          Masa cukup
-          Peringkat bacaan-setara/mengukur kebolehan@objektif sama
-          Elak soalan memperdaya( x komprehensif)
UJIAN PENCAPAIAN
-          Berdasarkan objektif t/laku(mesti berlaku dlm pmbljran)
-          Obj.t/laku dlm p&p mesti dilakukan semula pd obj.ujian/pep.
-          2 Objektif t/laku:           
- obj.khusus(boleh diukur/mengukur-melukis/mengira)
- obj.umum(x boleh diukur/mengukur-sedar,tahu)
-     Obj.t/laku jelaskan t/laku yg perlu dicapai/tunjuk gerakbalas & bukti

BAB 9 UJIAN DALAM BILIK DARJAH

UJIAN DIBINA OLEH GURU

- Kebaikan:
-          Boleh menilai dgn bkesan apa yg telah diajar
-          Berdasarkan kurikulum terkini
-          Membantu strategi pengajaran-(ajar semula maklumat tertinggal,ajar mak.>mdlm/tgl mak.yg da tahu, tindakan pemulihn&pengayaan)
-          Tertumpu pada 1 @ 2 aspek(kemahiran/pengetahuan) sahaja
-          Penilaian lebih kerap
-          Berkaitan dgn obj.yg ditetapkan
- Kelemahan:
- soalan < jelas
- pktaan/prnyataan < jelas
- < penegasan(ayat pasif@aktif)
- format x sesuai
- Jenis:
- Jenis esei(subjektif): Jwpn pdk/respon terhad, jwpn pbincngan/respon pjg, lisan
- Jenis objektif: lebih tepat, jwpn pdk, pktn tunggal, symbol, rumusan, plbgi pktn/pernytan, btl-slh, aneka 
  pilihan, padanan   
MERANCANG UJIAN
- Kenapa?
-          Boleh ttpkan obj.pgjran, rancang strategi, sedia bhn bctak, laksana prosedur penilaian
-          Boleh <kan kelemahan
- Tujuan
- nilai/timbang keupayaan(kmhiran/pengetahuan) pelajar
- ukur pkbgn semasa
- pemeringkatan pelajar
- mdiagnos kesukaran pelajar
- mnilai kaedah pgajaran
- kekalkan kbkesanan kurikulum
- galak pbelajaran
- motivasi pelajar
PENYEDIAAN JPU
- Bila?
- Sebelum mula pengajaran
- Tujuan:
- Bantu susun bhn2 pgajaran,pbacaan, pnglmn bgkl/makmal
- sebagai agen pemantau
- guru x salah arah
- tentukan pgukuran pgetahuan pljar yg sah
- integrasi kdgn pljran& obj.pgajaran
- p÷kan  kdgan pljran > terperinci
- jpu terperinci-mjana idea membina item ujian
-Penentuan pemberatan:
- item ujian sesuai dgn obj.pembljran
- x obj./kdungan tertinggal
- Perbezaan ujian esei & objektif:
Ujian esei
Ujian Objektif
Pelajar susun&nytakan jwpn pjng&idea sendiri
Perlu beri respon ringkas/betul
Soalan sedikit perlu jwpn pjg
Soalan bnyk perlu masa sgkt utk beri respon
Pelajar berfikir&menulis sepjng masa mnjwab
Membaca&berfikir<menulis
Kualiti bgantung kpd penilai
Kualiti bgantung kpd kmhiran pembina
Mudah dsediakan sukar beri markah(kblehpcyaan tg)
Sukar bina mudah beri markah(kblehcyaan rndh)
Terdedah kpd pmbohongan
Terdedah kpd tekaan

- Pertimbangan semasa memilih format item:
- tujuan ujian
- masa penyediaan
- bilangan calon (ramai-objektif, sedikit-esei/lisan)
- kemudahan fizikal
- umur calon
- kemahiran guru
- Pertimbangan sebelum menulis item ujian:
- tempoh ujian-(kompleksnya subjek/obj.yg diukur/diskriminasi item/bil.alternatif/pilihan jwpn/)
- kesukaran ujian
- bila & berapa kerap ujian
- bentuk respon
-
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